Frost dates & seed-starting calendar
Season dates and crop timing → sowing windows, succession dates and calendar downloads.
Open full calculator · Calculation schema v2 · Sources checked 2026-10-28
Formula and worked example
Indoor sow = transplant date − lead days. For 2027-05-15 and 42–56 days, sow 2027-03-20 through 2027-04-03. Hardening 7–10 days earlier gives 2027-05-05 through 2027-05-08. Fall cutoff = harvest target − maturity − explicit buffer: 2027-10-15 − 60 − 14 = 2027-08-02.
University of Maryland indoor lead templates describe time to grow transplants, not a guaranteed outdoor planting date. Check your cultivar and local forecast.
Hardiness zones are a separate reference
The USDA 2023 map uses 1991–2020 average annual extreme minimum winter temperature: 10°F zones and 5°F half-zones. It does not supply freeze dates. Canadian plant hardiness zones use a different system with multiple climate factors; a Canadian zone is not interchangeable with a USDA zone.
Read the frost protection guide.
Bundled historical examples: NOAA Indianapolis station CSV (1991–2020, 29 years), and ECCC Regina station (probability series 1884–2016, 116 years). Spring: a freeze on or after the date. Fall: a freeze on or before the date. Dataset snapshot: 2026-10-28 ET. These are illustrative station selections, not a location search.


